When you see a police officer on the streets, what’s the first thing that comes to your mind? Is it their crisp uniform, the badge on their chest, or the handcuffs at their side? Well, what if we told you that not all police officers wear uniforms? In fact, there’s a special type of police officer known as a plain clothes cop who goes undercover to fight crime. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into the world of plain clothes police officers and learn about their role in keeping our communities safe. So, buckle up and get ready to discover the fascinating world of undercover law enforcement!
What does plain clothes cop mean?
Definition of plain clothes cop
A plain clothes cop, also known as an undercover officer, is a law enforcement officer who dresses in civilian clothing to perform their duties. They are trained to blend in with the general public and may use various tactics to maintain their cover while conducting investigations or making arrests. Unlike uniformed officers, plain clothes cops do not wear a distinctive uniform and may not carry standard police equipment, such as a badge or firearm, to maintain their cover. They may work alone or in teams and may be assigned to a variety of roles, including drug enforcement, organized crime, and community policing. The goal of plain clothes police officers is to gather intelligence and prevent crime by working covertly in the community.
Differences between plain clothes and uniformed officers
Plain clothes police officers are law enforcement personnel who wear non-uniform clothing while on duty. They are often used in covert operations or undercover work, where their appearance as a civilian can help them blend in and gather information or make arrests without drawing attention.
One of the main differences between plain clothes and uniformed officers is their level of visibility. Uniformed officers wear distinctive clothing that identifies them as law enforcement personnel, making it easy for the public to recognize them and know that they are there to enforce the law. Plain clothes officers, on the other hand, do not wear any identifying clothing, and their appearance is often indistinguishable from that of a civilian.
Another difference between plain clothes and uniformed officers is their level of authority. Uniformed officers have the authority to make arrests and enforce the law, regardless of their rank or position. Plain clothes officers, on the other hand, may have more limited authority, depending on their role and the specific operation they are working on. In some cases, plain clothes officers may only have the authority to make arrests or enforce the law in certain circumstances, such as when they are working undercover.
Plain clothes officers also typically have different training and skills than uniformed officers. Because they are often working in covert or undercover operations, they need to be skilled at blending in and gathering information without drawing attention. They may also need to have specialized knowledge or training in areas such as surveillance, intelligence gathering, and covert operations.
Overall, the main difference between plain clothes and uniformed officers is that plain clothes officers are not easily identifiable as law enforcement personnel, and may have more limited authority and different training and skills than uniformed officers.
Why are plain clothes officers used?
Advantages of plain clothes policing
One of the main advantages of plain clothes policing is the ability to blend in with the community and gather intelligence in a more covert manner. Plain clothes officers can infiltrate criminal organizations, gather information on potential threats, and provide a greater level of surveillance in public spaces. Additionally, plain clothes officers can more easily engage in proactive policing, as they are less likely to be recognized by suspects and therefore less likely to be targeted by criminals. This allows them to take a more proactive role in preventing and investigating crimes, and to make arrests without drawing attention to themselves.
Another advantage of plain clothes policing is the ability to make arrests without alerting the suspect. Plain clothes officers can approach suspects in a more subtle manner, which can result in a more successful arrest and a reduction in the likelihood of resistance or violence. Furthermore, plain clothes officers can often conduct investigations and make arrests without the need for backup, as they are not immediately identifiable as police officers. This can be particularly useful in high-risk situations, where the presence of a large number of police officers may increase the risk of violence.
Overall, the advantages of plain clothes policing include the ability to gather intelligence, engage in proactive policing, and make arrests without alerting suspects. These benefits can lead to a more effective and efficient approach to law enforcement, and can help to keep communities safe.
Disadvantages of plain clothes policing
While plain clothes policing has its advantages, there are also several disadvantages associated with this approach. Here are some of the key challenges:
- Confusion and misunderstandings: Plain clothes officers often do not wear distinctive uniforms, which can lead to confusion and misunderstandings. Members of the public may not realize that the individual they are interacting with is a police officer, which can lead to conflicts and tensions.
- Increased risk of violence: Plain clothes officers are often tasked with undercover work, which can involve infiltrating criminal organizations or engaging in high-risk activities. This can put them at greater risk of violence, as they may not be immediately identifiable as police officers.
- Potential for abuse of power: The lack of a distinctive uniform can also make it easier for plain clothes officers to abuse their power. Without the visible symbol of authority that a uniform provides, some officers may be more likely to engage in misconduct or excessive force.
- Difficulty in identifying officers in crisis situations: In situations where a police officer is in crisis or needs assistance, it can be difficult for other officers to identify them if they are not wearing a uniform. This can lead to delays in providing assistance and support to the officer in need.
- Potential for escalation of violence: Finally, plain clothes officers may inadvertently escalate violent situations if they are not immediately identifiable as police officers. This can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts that could be avoided with clearer identification of law enforcement personnel.
Plain Clothes Officer Responsibilities
Investigative work
Plain clothes police officers are often tasked with conducting investigations into criminal activity, particularly when it comes to more complex or sensitive cases. These investigations may involve a range of different activities, such as:
- Gathering evidence: Plain clothes officers may be responsible for gathering evidence related to a particular crime or criminal activity. This may involve searching for physical evidence at crime scenes, as well as gathering information from witnesses, victims, and suspects.
- Undercover operations: In some cases, plain clothes officers may be required to go undercover in order to gather information or to make arrests. This may involve posing as a member of a criminal organization, or engaging in other covert activities in order to gain access to information or individuals of interest.
- Surveillance: Plain clothes officers may also be responsible for conducting surveillance on individuals or groups suspected of criminal activity. This may involve monitoring their movements, observing their behavior, and gathering information about their activities.
- Intelligence gathering: In addition to gathering evidence and information related to specific crimes, plain clothes officers may also be responsible for gathering intelligence on criminal activity more broadly. This may involve working with other law enforcement agencies, as well as analyzing data and trends in order to identify patterns and potential threats.
Overall, the investigative work carried out by plain clothes police officers is a critical component of law enforcement, helping to ensure that criminals are brought to justice and that communities are kept safe.
Undercover operations
Plain clothes police officers often engage in undercover operations to investigate crimes, gather intelligence, and maintain public safety. These operations require a high level of skill, discretion, and adaptability, as officers must blend in with the general population while carrying out their duties.
Methods of Undercover Operations
- Surveillance: Plain clothes officers may conduct surveillance on individuals or groups suspected of criminal activity, observing their actions and gathering information.
- Informants: Officers may work with informants, who provide information about criminal activity in exchange for protection or other benefits.
- Controlled Drug Buys: In these operations, officers pose as buyers to purchase drugs from dealers, gathering evidence of illegal activity.
- Criminal Impersonation: Plain clothes officers may assume false identities to infiltrate criminal organizations or gain access to restricted areas.
Benefits and Limitations of Undercover Operations
- Benefits: Undercover operations allow officers to gather information and evidence in a covert manner, potentially preventing crimes before they occur. They also provide insight into the inner workings of criminal organizations and the motivations of individual criminals.
- Limitations: Undercover operations can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, requiring significant planning and coordination. They also carry inherent risks, as officers may come into contact with dangerous individuals or situations. Additionally, the use of undercover operations can raise ethical concerns, as officers may engage in unethical or illegal activities to maintain their cover.
Training and Safety Protocols
Plain clothes officers undergo extensive training in tactics, deception, and surveillance techniques to ensure their safety and effectiveness in undercover operations. They also adhere to strict safety protocols, including regular debriefings, secure communication methods, and the use of cover identities to protect their true identities.
Ethical Considerations
Undercover operations raise ethical considerations, as officers may engage in activities that could be considered unethical or illegal, such as purchasing drugs or participating in criminal activity. To address these concerns, law enforcement agencies have established guidelines and protocols to ensure that undercover operations are conducted in a lawful and ethical manner.
Overall, undercover operations are a crucial tool in the fight against crime, allowing plain clothes officers to gather information and prevent criminal activity. However, they also carry inherent risks and ethical considerations, which must be carefully managed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of law enforcement efforts.
Witness protection
Plain clothes police officers often play a crucial role in protecting witnesses during criminal investigations. This involves working closely with detectives and other law enforcement personnel to ensure the safety and security of individuals who may have information or evidence relevant to a case.
In some cases, plain clothes officers may be responsible for transporting witnesses to and from court appearances or other legal proceedings. They may also be involved in providing security at crime scenes or other locations where witnesses may be at risk of harm.
In addition to their law enforcement duties, plain clothes officers may also be responsible for providing support and assistance to witnesses who may be feeling intimidated or anxious about their involvement in a criminal investigation. This may involve offering counseling or other forms of support to help witnesses feel more comfortable and confident in their roles.
Overall, the role of plain clothes officers in witness protection is an important one, as they play a critical role in ensuring that the legal process runs smoothly and that those who come forward with information are protected from harm.
Equipment and Attire of Plain Clothes Officers
Standard police equipment
Standard police equipment refers to the essential tools and gear that plain clothes officers carry with them while on duty. These items are designed to help officers maintain their safety and effectiveness in various situations. The following are some of the standard police equipment that plain clothes officers typically carry:
- Service weapon: This is the primary tool used by plain clothes officers to protect themselves and others. The service weapon is usually a handgun, but it can also be a baton, pepper spray, or a taser, depending on the officer’s department’s policies.
- Handcuffs: Handcuffs are used to secure a suspect during an arrest. Plain clothes officers typically carry two sets of handcuffs: one for the suspect’s hands and one for the suspect’s feet.
- Radio: A radio is used to communicate with other officers and dispatchers. It allows plain clothes officers to request assistance, report suspicious activity, or provide updates on a situation.
- Badge: A badge is a symbol of an officer’s authority and identity. It is typically worn on the officer’s belt or vest and can be used to identify the officer as a law enforcement officer.
- Tactical belt: A tactical belt is a wide leather belt that holds the officer’s equipment. It typically includes a gun holster, magazine pouches, a baton holder, and a pair of handcuff cases.
* Body armor: Body armor is worn to protect the officer from gunshots and other dangerous situations. It can be worn over the uniform or integrated into the officer’s tactical vest. - Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray: OC spray is a non-lethal weapon used to incapacitate a subject. It is typically carried in a small canister and is used when a suspect is resisting arrest or posing a threat to the officer.
- First aid kit: A first aid kit is carried to treat injuries sustained by the officer or suspect during an altercation. It typically includes bandages, gauze, adhesive tape, scissors, and other basic medical supplies.
- Flashlight: A flashlight is used to illuminate dark areas or to disorient a suspect during an arrest. It is typically carried on the officer’s belt or in a pocket.
- Pocketbook: A pocketbook is a small notebook used to record information during an investigation. It typically includes spaces for the officer to write down names, addresses, descriptions, and other important details.
In addition to these standard pieces of equipment, plain clothes officers may also carry specialized equipment depending on their assignment or the nature of their work. For example, undercover officers may carry concealed weapons or wear disguises to blend in with their surroundings. Plain clothes officers assigned to SWAT teams may carry assault rifles, body armor, and other tactical gear.
It is important to note that the specific equipment carried by plain clothes officers may vary depending on their department’s policies and the nature of their assignment. However, the equipment listed above is generally considered standard issue for plain clothes officers.
Clothing and accessories for plain clothes officers
Plain clothes police officers are typically required to blend in with the general public, and their attire and accessories play a crucial role in achieving this objective. In order to effectively carry out their duties, plain clothes officers are trained to wear clothing that is appropriate for the situation and environment they are in. Here are some of the clothing and accessories that plain clothes officers may wear:
Duty belts and holsters
One of the most important pieces of equipment for plain clothes officers is their duty belt and holster. This allows them to carry their firearm and other essential equipment, such as handcuffs and pepper spray, in a convenient and accessible manner.
Clothing
Plain clothes officers may wear a variety of clothing depending on the situation, including t-shirts, polo shirts, button-down shirts, and sweaters. The clothing should be comfortable and allow for ease of movement, as officers may need to run or engage in physical activity during their duties.
Footwear
Footwear is also an important consideration for plain clothes officers. They may wear sneakers or other comfortable footwear that allows for easy movement and quick reflexes.
Accessories
In addition to their clothing and footwear, plain clothes officers may also wear a variety of accessories to help them carry out their duties. These may include items such as badges, radios, and handcuffs.
It is important to note that plain clothes officers are required to follow specific guidelines when it comes to their attire and accessories. For example, they may be required to wear a specific color or type of clothing in order to identify themselves as police officers. Additionally, plain clothes officers may be required to wear a vest or other protective gear in certain situations.
Overall, the clothing and accessories that plain clothes officers wear play a crucial role in helping them carry out their duties effectively and safely. By following specific guidelines and using appropriate attire and accessories, plain clothes officers can maintain a low profile while still being able to carry out their duties in a professional and effective manner.
Legal Authority of Plain Clothes Officers
When plain clothes officers can make arrests
Plain clothes officers are authorized to make arrests under certain circumstances, as outlined in the law. The following are some of the situations in which plain clothes officers can make arrests:
- When a crime is committed in their presence: Plain clothes officers have the authority to make an arrest if they witness a crime being committed. This applies to both felonies and misdemeanors.
- When a warrant has been issued: If a warrant has been issued for the arrest of an individual, plain clothes officers can make the arrest. The warrant must be valid and the officer must have reasonable grounds to believe that the individual being arrested is the person named in the warrant.
- When there is probable cause: Plain clothes officers can make an arrest if they have probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed and that the individual being arrested committed the crime. Probable cause means that there is enough evidence to justify the arrest.
- When the safety of the officer or others is at risk: If the officer believes that their safety or the safety of others is at risk, they can make an arrest. This could be in situations where the individual is armed and dangerous or where the individual is attempting to flee.
It is important to note that plain clothes officers must follow the same legal guidelines as uniformed officers when making an arrest. They must have probable cause, a valid warrant, or have witnessed a crime being committed in order to make an arrest. Plain clothes officers must also follow proper procedures when conducting a search and seizure, and must read the individual their rights if they are taken into custody.
When plain clothes officers can use force
Plain clothes officers are law enforcement officers who wear non-uniform clothing while on duty. They are authorized to use force under certain circumstances, but their powers are limited by law. In this section, we will discuss the situations in which plain clothes officers can use force.
Exigent circumstances
Plain clothes officers can use force when they encounter exigent circumstances, such as when they believe that a person poses an immediate threat to public safety or their own safety. Exigent circumstances are situations that require immediate action to prevent harm or injury. For example, if a plain clothes officer witnesses a person committing a crime, they may use force to apprehend the suspect if they believe that the suspect poses a threat to public safety.
Hot pursuit
Plain clothes officers can use force when they are engaged in hot pursuit of a suspect. Hot pursuit is a legal concept that allows officers to pursue a suspect beyond the boundaries of their jurisdiction if they believe that the suspect poses a threat to public safety. In such cases, plain clothes officers can use force to apprehend the suspect if they believe that the suspect poses a threat to public safety.
Defense of self or others
Plain clothes officers can use force to defend themselves or others from physical harm. This includes the use of deadly force in certain circumstances, such as when the officer believes that their life or the life of another person is in danger. Plain clothes officers are trained to use force only when necessary and to use the minimum amount of force required to accomplish their objective.
Arrests and searches
Plain clothes officers can use force when making arrests or conducting searches. During an arrest, plain clothes officers can use force to overcome resistance or to prevent the suspect from escaping. However, they must follow certain procedures, such as giving the suspect a warning before using force and using only the amount of force necessary to effect the arrest.
In summary, plain clothes officers can use force under certain circumstances, such as when they encounter exigent circumstances, are engaged in hot pursuit, are defending themselves or others from physical harm, or are making arrests or conducting searches. However, their use of force must be necessary and proportionate to the situation, and they must follow the legal requirements and procedures governing the use of force.
Training and Qualifications for Plain Clothes Officers
Physical fitness and firearms training
Plain clothes police officers are expected to be physically fit and trained in the use of firearms. This is because they often engage in high-risk situations where their ability to protect themselves and others is crucial. The physical fitness and firearms training that plain clothes officers receive are designed to prepare them for these types of situations.
Physical fitness training for plain clothes officers typically includes a combination of cardiovascular exercises, strength training, and flexibility exercises. This is because plain clothes officers need to be physically fit enough to pursue suspects on foot, apprehend them, and perform other physical tasks as needed. They also need to be able to maintain a high level of physical fitness to prevent injury and ensure that they can perform their duties effectively over an extended period.
Firearms training for plain clothes officers typically includes a combination of classroom instruction and hands-on training at a shooting range. This training covers the safe handling and use of firearms, as well as the legal aspects of using deadly force. Plain clothes officers are also trained in tactical shooting techniques, which involve engaging targets in a variety of different situations.
It is important to note that plain clothes officers are held to a higher standard when it comes to physical fitness and firearms training than other police officers. This is because they are often called upon to engage in high-risk situations, and their ability to perform their duties effectively can have a significant impact on public safety. As such, plain clothes officers are expected to maintain a high level of physical fitness and firearms proficiency throughout their careers.
Investigative techniques and tactics
Plain clothes police officers are trained in a variety of investigative techniques and tactics to enable them to carry out their duties effectively. These techniques and tactics are designed to help plain clothes officers blend in with the environment and gather information without arousing suspicion.
Some of the investigative techniques and tactics used by plain clothes officers include:
- Surveillance: Plain clothes officers may use surveillance techniques to monitor the activities of individuals or groups suspected of criminal activity. This may involve the use of cameras, binoculars, and other equipment to observe the movements of individuals from a distance.
- Undercover operations: Plain clothes officers may also engage in undercover operations to gather information about criminal activity. This may involve posing as a member of a criminal organization or participating in illegal activities to gain the trust of suspects.
- Covert tactics: Plain clothes officers may use covert tactics to gather information about criminal activity. This may involve the use of hidden cameras, recording devices, and other equipment to gather information without the knowledge of suspects.
- Intelligence gathering: Plain clothes officers may also engage in intelligence gathering activities to identify potential criminal activity. This may involve monitoring social media activity, intercepting communications, and other methods of gathering information.
Overall, the investigative techniques and tactics used by plain clothes officers are designed to help them gather information and build cases against individuals suspected of criminal activity. These techniques and tactics require a high level of training and expertise, and plain clothes officers must be skilled in the use of technology and equipment to gather information effectively.
Public Perception and Accountability of Plain Clothes Officers
Civilian perspectives on plain clothes officers
The public’s perception of plain clothes police officers is often influenced by media portrayals and individual experiences. Civilian perspectives on plain clothes officers can vary widely, with some viewing them as a necessary tool in combating crime, while others see them as a threat to civil liberties.
- Media portrayals: Plain clothes officers are often portrayed in movies and television shows as being involved in high-stakes operations, such as undercover work or SWAT teams. While these portrayals can be entertaining, they can also contribute to a distorted view of the role of plain clothes officers in law enforcement.
- Individual experiences: People’s experiences with plain clothes officers can also shape their perceptions. For example, someone who has had a positive interaction with a plain clothes officer may view them more favorably, while someone who has had a negative experience may have a more negative view.
- Perception of accountability: Some civilians may perceive plain clothes officers as having less accountability than uniformed officers, due to their ability to blend in with the general public and the lack of visible identification. This perception can contribute to concerns about abuse of power and lack of transparency.
It is important for law enforcement agencies to be aware of these perspectives and work to build trust with the communities they serve. This can include providing clear guidelines and training for plain clothes officers, as well as increasing transparency and accountability through measures such as body-worn cameras and community outreach programs.
Police accountability and transparency
Police accountability and transparency are essential components of effective law enforcement. It is the responsibility of police departments to ensure that plain clothes officers are held accountable for their actions and that they operate with transparency in their dealings with the public.
One way that police departments promote accountability is by implementing strict guidelines and policies for plain clothes officers. These guidelines typically cover areas such as the use of force, arrest procedures, and the collection of evidence. By adhering to these guidelines, plain clothes officers can help to prevent abuses of power and ensure that their actions are in line with the principles of fairness and impartiality.
In addition to implementing guidelines, police departments also have a responsibility to be transparent in their operations. This includes providing the public with information about the activities of plain clothes officers, such as their mission, objectives, and areas of focus. By being transparent, police departments can help to build trust with the community and promote a sense of accountability among plain clothes officers.
Furthermore, police departments must be willing to investigate and discipline plain clothes officers who engage in misconduct. This can involve conducting thorough investigations into allegations of misconduct, such as excessive use of force or unlawful searches and seizures. By taking a strong stance against misconduct, police departments can help to maintain the integrity of their operations and promote public trust in law enforcement.
Overall, police accountability and transparency are critical components of effective law enforcement. By implementing strict guidelines, being transparent in their operations, and holding plain clothes officers accountable for their actions, police departments can help to build trust with the community and promote a sense of fairness and impartiality in their operations.
Recap of key points
Plain clothes police officers are an essential component of modern law enforcement, responsible for maintaining public safety and enforcing the law in a less visible capacity. However, their role often raises questions about accountability and transparency, as well as public perception of their actions. This section will recap the key points related to the public perception and accountability of plain clothes officers.
Importance of plain clothes officers
Plain clothes officers are an essential component of modern law enforcement, as they are able to operate in a less visible capacity, making it easier for them to blend in with the general public and gather intelligence on criminal activity.
Accountability and transparency
Plain clothes officers are subject to the same rules and regulations as uniformed officers, and are expected to follow the same protocols when it comes to use of force and detention. However, the nature of their work can make it more difficult to hold them accountable for their actions, as they may not be immediately identifiable as police officers.
Public perception
Public perception of plain clothes officers can be influenced by a number of factors, including the media, past experiences with law enforcement, and cultural attitudes towards the police. Negative experiences or perceptions of plain clothes officers can lead to distrust and resentment, which can hinder their ability to effectively enforce the law and maintain public safety.
Strategies for improving public perception
Law enforcement agencies can take a number of steps to improve public perception of plain clothes officers, including increasing transparency and accountability, improving communication with the community, and working to address systemic issues that contribute to negative perceptions of the police.
Future developments in plain clothes policing
Plain clothes policing is an evolving field, and there are several developments that are expected to shape its future. These developments aim to enhance the effectiveness of plain clothes officers while also addressing public concerns about their role and conduct.
Increased use of technology
One of the key developments in plain clothes policing is the increased use of technology. This includes the use of body-worn cameras, which can provide evidence of interactions between plain clothes officers and the public. Additionally, predictive policing software is being used to identify high-crime areas and deploy plain clothes officers accordingly.
Enhanced training and accountability measures
Another development in plain clothes policing is the emphasis on enhanced training and accountability measures. This includes training on de-escalation techniques, cultural sensitivity, and the use of force. There is also a growing emphasis on the use of independent investigations to ensure that plain clothes officers are held accountable for any misconduct.
Greater use of community policing
Finally, there is a growing trend towards greater use of community policing in plain clothes policing. This approach involves working closely with community members to identify and address local crime and safety concerns. Plain clothes officers are increasingly being used to support community policing initiatives, such as neighborhood watch programs and youth outreach efforts.
Overall, these developments suggest that plain clothes policing is likely to become more transparent, accountable, and effective in the future. While there are still challenges to be addressed, these developments offer hope for a more collaborative and productive relationship between plain clothes officers and the communities they serve.
FAQs
1. What is a plain clothes cop?
A plain clothes cop is a police officer who is not in uniform. They wear regular clothing and often blend in with the general public. They may carry a badge and a weapon, but they do not wear a distinctive police uniform.
2. Why do police officers wear plain clothes?
Police officers may wear plain clothes for a variety of reasons. In some cases, they may be working undercover to investigate criminal activity. In other cases, they may be assigned to plain clothes duty as part of their regular patrol duties. Wearing plain clothes can help officers blend in and make it easier for them to spot suspicious activity.
3. What kind of work do plain clothes cops do?
Plain clothes cops can do a variety of different types of work. They may work undercover to investigate crimes such as drug trafficking or prostitution. They may also be assigned to plain clothes duty as part of their regular patrol duties, in which case they would be responsible for enforcing the law and responding to calls for service just like any other police officer.
4. Are plain clothes cops allowed to use force?
Yes, plain clothes cops are allowed to use force when necessary to protect themselves or others. However, they are held to the same standards as other police officers when it comes to the use of force. They must follow departmental policies and procedures, and any use of force must be reasonable and necessary.
5. Can plain clothes cops make arrests?
Yes, plain clothes cops have the same authority to make arrests as any other police officer. They can arrest suspects for a variety of crimes, including misdemeanors and felonies. However, they must follow the same procedures and protocols as any other police officer when making an arrest.
6. How can you tell if someone is a plain clothes cop?
It can be difficult to tell if someone is a plain clothes cop, especially if they are wearing regular clothing. However, plain clothes cops may carry a badge and a weapon, and they may also have other identifying markers such as a police radio or handcuffs. If you are unsure whether someone is a police officer, it is always best to err on the side of caution and treat them with respect.
